On the other hand, if the working length is determined beyond the apical boundaries, vital and/or infected material will be transported into the periapical tissues. If the working length is underestimated, tissue residues and/or bacteria will remain in the non-instrumented areas of the root canal system. The working length can be defined as the distance between the most coronal or incisal edge or cusp tip and an apical reference point given by the physiological foramen 3. The results of this research allow a recommendation of the investigated embedding media for electronic working length determination models for educational and research purposes in endodontics.Īssessment of the working length can be considered to be an imperative procedure during root canal preparation procedure and its accurate determination to be of the outmost importance for successful endodontic treatment 1, 2. Although relatively seldom (n = 24), measurements with deviations of more than ± 0.5 mm were also observed thus, the accuracy of the working length determination results per se can be considered as clinically acceptable. The exact measurements at the physiological foramen ranged from 80.0% (6% gelatin), 76.5% (2% agar–agar), 71.8% (12% gelatin), 68.2% (alginate) to 64.5% (sponge). The accuracy ranges of the accumulated measurements, when allowing a ± 0.5 mm tolerance, went from 98.2% (6% and 12% gelatin), 93.7% (alginate), 92.8% (2% agar–agar) to 91.7% (sponge). The actual working length to the physiological foramen was determined under a stereo-microscope (16 ×) and the electronic working lengths with the Elements Diagnostic Unit and a K-file ISO 10. The roots were embedded in alginate, stick sponge, 2% agar–agar and 6% and 12% gelatin. 110 human extracted mature roots of permanent single-rooted human teeth were used. The aim of this research was to determine ex vivo the influence on accuracy of five different embedding media, for investigative and educational purposes, and one electronic apex locator.
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